مقدمه: تغییر سریع عرف و مقررات در تجارت بین المللی به سبب گسترش تجارت خارجی در کشورها و استفاده از تسهیلات و تجهیزات مدرن از یک طرف و نغییر مقررات داخلی کشورها از سوی دیگر موجب می گردد که دست اندرکاران تجارت خارجی، اطلاعات خود را با آخرین تحولات مقررات منطبق کنند. از طرف دیگر منابع موجود در ایران از یک یا چند جهت محدود مباحث تجارت داخلی را ارزیابی کرده است.
این نوشتار تلاش دارد مجموعه مقررات و قواعدی را که مورد نیاز دست اندرکاران و دانشجویان و علاقه مندان به تجارت داخلی و خارجی است به تحلیل بگذارد.
فصل اول
- مقررات یکنواخت تجارت بین الملل – اینکوترمز
- مقررات و کنوانسیونهای حمل و نقل بین الملل
- پیش بینی قیمت تمام شده در واردات
- قیمت خرید کالا بر اساس مفهوم EXW یا FOB
- ابزارهای منبع یابی خرید خارجی
- اخذ پیش فاکتور (PROFORMA INVOICE)
- ثبت سفارش و مجوز به صورت خام توسط وزارت بازرگانی
- بیمه کالا ( بیمه باربری ) INSURANCE
- مراحل خرید ارز از نظام بانکی
- تقاضای گشایش اعتبار
- بانک افتتاح کننده اعتبار
- امکان صدور (pre advise و Short telex )پیش ابلاغ و ابلاغ کوتاه
- گشایش اعتبار و ابلاغ آن از طریق کارگزار به فروشنده
- دریافت اعتبار توسط فروشنده
- اخذ مجوز صادرات و حمل کالا توسط فروشنده و تنظیم اسناد
- تسلیم اسناد به بانک کارگزار توسط فروشنده و دریافت وجه اعتبار
- ظهرنویسی اسناد توسط بانک گشایش کننده اعتبار و تسلیم اسناد به خریدار
- ترخیص کالا از مقصد توسط خریدار
- تسلیم پروانه سبز گمرکی به بانک گشایش کننده جهت رفع تعهد ارزی
- تعیین تکلیف در مورد وثائق وضمانت نامه فروشنده
فصل دوم
- تقسیم معاملات به معاملات داخلی و خارجی
- وجود مقررات آمره از جهت ارتباط با نظم عمومی و حقوق عمومی در داخل کشور
- تشریفات خاص در معاملات خارجی
- منابع قانونی معاملات داخلی
- نقش تابعیت افراد و اشخاص
- تجزیه عناصر تشکیل دهنده قرارداد
- قبول acceptance|
- قبول مشروط (شرط در انشاء یا ایجاد و شرط در منشا یا اثر)
- رد قبول
- پیشنهاد بدون ذکر مهلت برای قبول (پرفرمای بدون ذکر اعتبار و مهلت)
- نقش Order confirmation «دستور تائید» یا «تائید خرید» در قبول
- محتویات و شروط قراردادهای خارجی
- محتویات قراردادهای خارجی خرید و فروش بین المللی کالا
- موضوع قرارداد (مشخصات دقیق کالا )
- قیمت و بهای کالا
- مدت قرارداد (مهلت اجرای قرارداد )
- مبداء حمل کالا و مقصد نهایی کالا و ذکر وسیله حمل مربوطه
- اسنادی که فروشنده باید تسلیم نماید
- بارنامه دریایی Bill of Lading (BL)
- سیاهه بازرگانی یا فاکتور تجاری. Commercial
- گواهی مبدا ساخت کالا Certificate Of
- لیست بسته بندی . Packing List
- سند بیمه باربری Insurance
- شرائط مخصوص or Other Terms Special Terms
- حکمیت و حل و فصل اختلافات Arbitration
- قانون حاکم بر قراردادهای خارجی
- قانون متبوع متعاملین
- قانون محل انعقاد قرارداد
- قانون محل اجرای عقد
- تئوری قانون مناسب
فصل سوم
- انواع ضمانت از جهت اعتبار: ضمانتنامه عادی – ضمانتنامه بانکی
- خصوصیات ضمانتنامههای بانکی
- انواع ضمانتنامههای بانکی به تناسب کاربرد و موضوع آن
- ضمانت نامه به منظور استرداد پیش پرداخت
- ضمانت نامه حسن انجام کار (PBG)
- ضمان در حقوق مدنی و حقوق تجارت ایران
فصل چهارم
- تعریف بیمه باربری Insurance
- ماهیت حقوقی عقد بیمه باربری
- انواع بیمهنامههای رایج در تجارت خارجی/ بیمهنامه باربری کلوز B
- بیمه باربری کلوز A / اصل جبران خسارت
- بیمه باربری در مقررات اتاق بازرگانی بین الملل/ خسارات ناشی از زیان همگانی
- موارد عدم پوشش در کلوزA،B / شرایط تدارک خسارت توسط شرکتهای بیمه
- خسارات مشترک (زیان همکانی) General average / ضوابط خسارت مشترک
فصل پنجم
- تعریف بازرسی بین المللی کالا / کنترل در بازرسی کالا
- کمیت و کیفیت / بسته بندی Packing
- تعریف قید «کالا» / مؤسسات معتبر بینالمللی بازرسی کالا
- اصل بی طرفی و قید مجاز / حین بارگیری کالا در مبدأ
- محدوده بازرسی بین المللی کالا / اهمیت بازرسی کالا
- تفاوت بازبینی، و بازرسی کالا / محتوای سند بازرسی کالا
- هزینه بازرسی کالا در کشور مبدأ حمل / هزینه بازرسی در مقررات اینکوترمز
- مقررات و دستورالعمل های بانکی کشور در امر بازرسی بین المللی کالا
- بازرسی مجدد کالا در مقصد/ بازرسی و مبدا ساخت کالا
- گواهی بازرسی و مبداء حمل کالا / مدارک لازم جهت صدور گواهی بازرسی
- بازرسی کالا امریست حقیقی و نه تطبیق اسناد و گواهی اسناد
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ремонт телевизора на дому в москве недорого
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